In Spring Boot-based web applications, the spring-boot package includes a built-in web server, including tomcat, jetty, undertow, and netty.
Introduction to common web containers
Tomcat
Tomcat is currently included in the Apache project, and the official link isThe hyperlink login is visible.
Tomcat is a mainstream Java Web Server, so it is very stable and mature, and the community is active and rich in documentation and resources.
Tomcat supports Http, Http/2, AJP, WebSocket protocols, and supports Servlet 6.0
Jetty
Jetty is a server provided by Eclipse, the official link isThe hyperlink login is visible.
It is more lightweight than Tomcat and has its own asynchronous support.
Jetty supports Http, Http/2, Http/3, AJP, WebSocket protocols, and supports Servlet 6.0
Netty
Netty is a time-driven asynchronous networking framework that is widely used in high-performance web applications, especially server-side applications that handle a large number of concurrent connections, the official link isThe hyperlink login is visible.
Netty supports almost all protocols, including SSL/TLS, HTTP, HTTP/2, HTTP/3, WebSockets, DNS, SPDY, SMTP, etc
Undertow
Undertow is a server provided by JBoos, the official address isThe hyperlink login is visible.
Undertow is characterized by its lightweight, high performance, and local resource consumption, while supporting embedded applications and microservices.
Undertow supports Http, Http/2, WebSocket protocols, and supports Servlet 4.0
Apache Tomcat
Apache Tomcat is a widely used web server and servlet container. It is the default choice for traditional Spring Boot applications due to its robustness, ease of use, and compatibility with the Servlet API.
Key features:
Based on Servlets: Tomcat is built around the Servlet API, which makes it ideal for traditional Spring MVC applications.
Blocking I/O: Tomcat operates on a model of one thread per request, meaning that each incoming request is handled by a separate thread.
Easy Configuration: Tomcat can be easily set up and configured with Spring Boot, making it ideal for a wide range of web applications.
Internal architecture
Connectors: Manage network connections, accept and process HTTP requests.
Container: Responsible for servlet lifecycle management, including loading, initialization, and invocation.
Thread Model: Tomcat uses thread pools, where each request is handled by a separate thread in the pool. This model is simple but can cause scalability issues under high load due to thread contention and memory overhead.
Example scenario: Handling parallel requests
Let's consider a scenario where five parallel requests arrive at the Tomcat server:
One thread per request: Tomcat assigns a separate thread to each of the five requests from its thread pool.
Blocking I/O: Each thread processes its requests synchronously, blocking if any I/O operations are required, such as database calls.
Resource management: If the thread pool has enough free threads, all five requests are processed simultaneously. If not, other requests will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
Merit:
Simple and easy to understand.
Ideal for traditional web applications.
Mature, stable, and with extensive community support.
Shortcoming:
Limited scalability under high load due to thread overhead.
Higher memory consumption per request.
Netty
Netty is a high-performance, asynchronous event-driven web application framework. It is the default framework for Spring WebFlux, which is designed for responsive programming.
Key features:
Event-Driven: Netty uses an event-driven architecture, making it suitable for handling a high volume of simultaneous connections efficiently.
Non-blocking I/O: Netty utilizes non-blocking I/O, allowing it to handle many connections with fewer threads.
Scalability: Designed for high concurrency, low latency, and high throughput applications.
Internal architecture
Event Loop: The core component of Netty is the event loop, which manages I/O operations asynchronously. An event loop group contains one or more event loops.
Channel: Represents a connection, such as an incoming HTTP request, and is associated with an event loop.
Thread Model: Netty uses a small number of threads to handle a large number of connections. Each event loop runs in a single thread and handles multiple channels, making it highly scalable.
Example scenario: Handling parallel requests
Consider a scenario where five parallel requests arrive at the Netty server:
Event-Driven Model: Netty distributes five requests in its event loop.
Non-blocking I/O: The operation does not block the event loop thread. Instead, I/O operations are handled asynchronously, allowing the same thread to manage multiple connections efficiently.
Scalability: Due to its non-blocking nature, Netty can handle a large number of connections with a relatively small number of threads.
Merit:
Highly efficient for I/O-intensive tasks.
Superior scalability and performance at high concurrency.
Ideal for reactive programming and modern web applications.
Shortcoming:
It is more complex to understand and configure.
Compared to traditional servlet-based applications, a different programming model (reactive) is required.
conclusion
Netty and Tomcat serve different areas in the field of server frameworks. Netty is a highly flexible underlying framework designed for custom network protocols and high-performance scenarios; Tomcat is a proven choice for Java web applications that comply with Java EE and Jakarta EE standards. The choice between the two depends on the specific needs of the project, whether it's building a web server with custom protocols or a traditional web application.
Reference:
The hyperlink login is visible.
The hyperlink login is visible.
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Posted on 2025-8-12 10:49:16
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